Radical Vs Incremental Innovation Banning The Cultural...

Irine Surmanidze 09.11.2017 1 Radical vs Incremental Innovation Banning the Cultural stereotypes Introduction The objective of this paper is to examine two particular forms of innovation – Radical and Incremental, find relevance and discrepancy in-between and observe an impact triggered by one or two particular forms of innovation. The first part of the paper further elaborates on radical and incremental forms of innovation, draws parallels and emphasizes Its impact on the nature of innovation. The second part of the paper introduces the case study when MA Creative and Cultural Entrepreneurship students worked in classroom settings to ban one object/issue, to deal with the consequences and a gap between a product and a market.†¦show more content†¦There are number of definitions for these innovation forms, however many of them are putting an emphasis on the degree to which an innovation represents a departure from existing practice (Schilling, 2011:48). Radical innovation should present a new product, service, practice or solution that significantly differs from previous experience. It usually comes with higher risks as there is no prior knowledge and competencies are low (Schilling, 2011:vi). Introducing of a third-generation (3G) telephony could be a good illustration of a radical innovation. 3G was launched with an increased bandwidth that could not only transmit a voice but support more diverse multimedia applications (http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com). To switch from 2G to 3G the telecommunication service required significant investment in the development of relevant equipment and infrastructure, such as larger device display, memory, and battery capacity, etc. Besides, it was not quite clear how would customers react to this innovation. So, companies and their managers had to evaluate different risks simultaneously, including technical achievability, reliability, costs, and demand. Incremental innovation, on the other hand, does not need to be an exceptionally new or revolutionary. It can be the same product, service or process with simple adjustments or minor advancements (Munson and Pelz 1979). For example, the difference between two generations of iPhones - iPhone 6 and iPhone 7 - could beShow MoreRelatedRadical Vs Incremental Innovation : Banning The Cultural Stereotypes1725 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Radical vs Incremental Innovation† Banning the Cultural stereotypes Introduction The objective of this paper is to examine two particular forms of innovation – â€Å"Radical† and â€Å"Incremental†, find relevance and discrepancy in-between and observe an impact triggered by one or two particular forms of innovation. The first part of the paper further elaborates on radical and incremental forms of innovation, draws parallels and emphasizes Its impact on the nature of innovation. Second part of the paperRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesbeneficial impacts for many other companies in dealing with these fundamental wide-ranging issues. These beneficial impacts had an enormous effect in galvanizing fundamental business innovation in companies at a far faster rate than would have been the case if there had been no boom; that is, without those effects, innovation might not have taken place at all. All this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and decision making . It has presented chief executive officers (CEOs)Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThere Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an Radical Vs Incremental Innovation Banning The Cultural... â€Å"Radical vs Incremental Innovation† Banning the Cultural stereotypes Introduction The objective of this paper is to examine two particular forms of innovation – â€Å"Radical† and â€Å"Incremental†, find relevance and discrepancy in-between and observe an impact triggered by one or two particular forms of innovation. The first part of the paper further elaborates on radical and incremental forms of innovation, draws parallels and emphasizes Its impact on the nature of innovation. Second part of the paper introduces the case study, when MA Creative and Cultural Entrepreneurship students worked in classroom settings to ban one object/issue, to deal with the consequences and a gap between a product and a market. The third and final part of the paper†¦show more content†¦Radical innovation should present a new product, service, practice or solution that significantly differs from previous experience. It usually comes with higher risks as there is no prior knowledge and competences are low (Schilling, 2011:vi). Introducing of a third ge neration (3G) telephony could be a good illustration of a radical innovation. 3G was launched with an increased bandwidth that could not only transmit a voice, but support more diverse multimedia applications (http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com). To switch from 2G to 3G the telecommunication service required significant investment in development of relevant equipment and infrastructure, such as larger device display, memory and battery capacity, etc. Besides, it was not quite clear how would customers react to this innovation. So, companies and their managers, had to evaluate different risks simultaneously, including technical achievability, reliability, costs, and demand. Incremental innovation, on the other hand, does not need to be an exceptionally new or revolutionary. It can be the same product, service or process with simple adjustments or minor advancements (Munson and Pelz 1979). For example, difference between two generations of iPhones - iPhone 6 and iPhone 7 - could be considered as incremental while improving cameraShow MoreRelatedRadical Vs Incremental Innovation : Banning The Cultural Stereotypes1741 Words   |  7 Pages11.2017 1 Radical vs Incremental Innovation Banning the Cultural stereotypes Introduction The objective of this paper is to examine two particular forms of innovation – Radical and Incremental, find relevance and discrepancy in-between and observe an impact triggered by one or two particular forms of innovation. The first part of the paper further elaborates on radical and incremental forms of innovation, draws parallels and emphasizes Its impact on the nature of innovation. The second partRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesbeneficial impacts for many other companies in dealing with these fundamental wide-ranging issues. These beneficial impacts had an enormous effect in galvanizing fundamental business innovation in companies at a far faster rate than would have been the case if there had been no boom; that is, without those effects, innovation might not have taken place at all. All this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and decision making. It has presented chief executive of ficers (CEOs)Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThere Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an

Essay on The Kiss of the Fur Queen - 1398 Words

Thomson Highway’s The Kiss of the Fur Queen has a core theme of art. In this novel, art is integrated into the lives of the characters. The modernist movement would indicate that art has the ability to plainly exist â€Å"art of arts sake†. Peter Lamarque notes â€Å"To value a work for its own sake is to value it for what it is in itself, not for the realization of some ulterior ends.† (par. 19) This commonly accepted view, that art is valued because it is great art, not for the role or function that it has in society, restricts arts impact. This perspective limits and does not allow for the surfacing of profound effects that art creates. In the Kiss of the Fur Queen, art has power it does not simply exist but has function. The observable function†¦show more content†¦Later Jeremiah stumbles on a similar scene of a bar that contains â€Å"men and women, all dark skin, of hair, of eye, like Jeremiah, all drunk and senseless, unlike Jeremiah.† (10 5). Peering into these â€Å"oozing† â€Å"filthy† (105) doorways he is reminded of the â€Å"great chart with tunnels and caves and forbidden pleasures† (105). The work of art that was viewed at a young age educated him on cultural stereotypes. Jeremiah made the association with people of color and hell that continued into adolescence. This association went far enough that as Jeremiah passed that bar he looked for the â€Å"horned creatures† (105) inside. This is a specific example that demonstrates that art can function as an educational tool. A less concert extension of this is â€Å"The Hell Hotel† (130). This image continues to associate native people with â€Å"madness [and] drinkers† (130). Again Jeremiah learned at a young age, though art, a cultural association. This image not only has the â€Å"B apparently dammed to H by mechanical malfunction† (130) but also has the First Nations people dammed to Hell from a yearly associa tion of art. In The Kiss of the Fur Queen a significant piece of art that was used as a teaching tool was the poster of heaven and hell. This art intentionally taught about Theology and inadvertently embedded damaging cultural associations towards Native Peoples. Secondly, although art can function to educate it can also function towards providing identity. Art enablesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Kiss of the Fur Queen1153 Words   |  5 PagesIn Kiss of the Fur Queen, the story begins with forty-three year old Cree hunter Abraham Okimasis winning the 1951 Millington Cup World Championship Dog Derby. (6) The victory is seen to have a significant effect on the Cree hunters Native identity, as he becomes the first-ever Indian to succeed in the Derby. As time goes by, Abraham becomes the father of two sons, Jeremiah and Gabriel. When the Cree brothers leave their small northern Manitoba village and enter the hostile environment of a residentialRead MoreNeither a Mule nor a Queen 1031 Words   |  4 PagesNeither a Mule nor Queen Have you ever felt like you had no say on anything you do? Have you ever been a relationship where you had no voice? In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie, the protagonist, goes through the same thing. Janie goes from being a young girl to being a strong, independent woman. She marries multiple men trying to find the one who will make her dream of love come true. Janie begins her quest of finding the right man at a very young age. As sheRead MoreThe Golden Colour Of The Sun1661 Words   |  7 Pageswas adorned much as his soldiers were, his rank and status differing from the common soldiery only by the presence of a golden crown set about his conical helm. He wore a knee-length tunic of silvery chainmail set upon a sable robe, tucked into his fur-lined boots. At his waist dangled a longsword, its pommel jeweled and its blade sharp, while his other side carried the kite-shaped shield that many foot soldiers carried. He had a surcoat of brass which g leamed like gold under the sun, giving him aRead MoreExplore the Similarities and Differences in the Presentation of Female Characters in a Streetcar Named Desire and the World’s Wife1871 Words   |  8 PagesMarxist literary criticism. A Marxist may argue that the hostility between Blanche and Stanley is caused by their class difference. Blanche is from an upper class background whereas Stanley is from a working class background. ‘Look at these feathers and furs that she come here to preen herself in.’ Stanley is certain that Blanche is using the money from the plantation to buy herself things which adds to his resentment. A Marxist theory would be that the lower class is exploited; however in this case BlancheRead MoreA Fairy Tale5420 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿ Once upon a time, when magic was still in common use, on the far side of the world there lived a King and Queen of a fair but isolated realm, situated beyond a great chain of mountains, whose snow-capped peaks cast long shadows into the valley below when the sun rose at morning. The King and Queen had only one daughter, whom they loved very much, for they had been married a long time and it was thought they might never bring forth a child. When she was born there was rejoicing throughout theRead MoreHow Do You Invade My Mind Every Night? Essay5548 Words   |  23 Pagesturned around, frantic to find a place for Rolf to hide, but he was gone. The open shutters filled the room with an icy emptiness. â€Æ' Chapter Eight Rolf ran an agitated hand through his thick, dark hair. He had discussed the matter with his queen the day after he had bared his heart to Melissa. Eleanor’s troubadours sang of courtly love and chivalrous knights. Who better to advise him on how to win a woman’s heart? But the inability to speak with her alone, frustrated his efforts. He had notRead MoreThe end6477 Words   |  26 PagesEsperanza NOT want to inherit from her grandmother? -Her place next to the window. 7. What name does she want to be baptized under? -ZeZe the X â€Å"Cathy, Queen of Cats† (section 5) 1. Cathy is the running commentator on life in the neighborhood. What do we learn about from her in this chapter? -Cathy claims to be related to the queen of France and hopes to go to France someday to inherit the family house. She tells Esperanza about the other people on Mango Street and criticizes nearly allRead MoreThe Analysis of the Mythic Dimension in ‘a Streetcar Named Desired’6094 Words   |  25 Pagesnot automatically mean the inauguration of the Southern anti-belle. This was mainly possible because deeply rooted prejudices concerning women’s behavior were still the part of Southern culture. In sum, even â€Å"though southern women might be no longer queens and saints, they were not allowed to be ‘flesh and blood’ humans either† (Roberts, 109). The failure to respect the prescriptive code of behavior usually implied some kind of punishment – hysteria, madness, rape, losing social privileges, or deathRead MoreHindi Songs Copied from English Songs4679 Words   |  19 PagesSanjeev-Darshan Copied From:  Theme from The Godfather Note: Another straight lift, but Sanjeev-Darshan s style gives it an edge over the original. Hindi Song: We Love Rocky (Aflatoon) Music Director: Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen Copied From:  We Will Rock You (Queen) Note: Sticking English lyrics in Hindi songs is NEVER a good idea. Hindi Song: Dil Dil Dil (Ittefaq) Music Director: Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen Copied From:  La Copa De La Vida (Ricky Martin) Hindi Song: Tirchi Topiwaale (Tridev) Music Director: Viju ShahRead MoreVerbs Tenses - Gap Filling Exercises11244 Words   |  45 Pagesand America. Everyone _____________ (love) her mini-skirts, her coloured tights and flat shoes. London became the fashion capital of the world and in 1966 capital Mary Quant was awarded the Order of the British Empire, a special medal given by the queen. Then, to complete the Quant â€Å"look â€Å", Mary ______________ (start) her own cosmetics company. Mary ____________ (work) as a designer for over forty years and she doesn’t intend to stop. She ____________ (design) not only clothes, but also bedlinen

Comparison of Audit Regulatory Regimes †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Comparison of Audit Regulatory Regimes. Answer: Introduction All over the world, Auditing is considered as one of the major professions. The auditing profession involves in the conduction of official financial inspection of the business organizations accounting and financial statements (Arens, Elder Mark, 2012). In more precise words, it is the responsibility of the auditors to conduct a thorough inspection of the accounting and financial statements of the organizations in order to ensure that they ate free from any kind of material misstatement and fraudulent. At the time of conducting the audit operations, the auditors need to remind the fact that they are the agents of common public and the investors (William Jr, Glover Prawitt, 2016). It has been noticed that the auditors of Australia have to face some major challenges under the Australian auditing model. Along with the challenges, the auditors of Australia also have to face some of the major opportunities. The major aim of this repost is analyze and evaluate the auditors opportunities a nd challenges under the Australian auditing model (Basu, 2016). After that, another major part of this study is to discuss about the recent regulatory steps taken by Australian audit authority in order to maintain the audit quality. This essay starts with an introduction. The next part of this essay includes the analysis and evaluation of opportunities and challenges faced by the audit professions under Australian auditing standards. The next step involves the discussion of regulatory steps taken to improve audit quality. Based on the whole study, a suitable conclusion is drawn lastly. Opportunities for Audit Profession in Australia In Australia, auditing is considered as one of the major professions and people of Australia consider auditing as a noble profession. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the auditors have to face with some of the major opportunities in the auditing profession. It can be seen that the world financial crisis has a huge effect on the economy of all the countries all over the world and Australia was included in that list. This financial crisis had some major effects on the auditing profession of Australia and this aspects leads to the development of a renewed interest in the roles and importance of the auditors in Australia. This particular aspect provides a strong signal about the strong growth of the auditing industry of Australia. Due to the effects of world financial crisis, the business organizations of Australia have become prompt to take actions so that the further effects of world financial crisis can be avoided (Knechel Salterio, 2016). In this context, the auditors of the companies play a crucial part as they help the companies to develop a strong and effective internal control system within the organizations. Due to the effects of world financial crisis, the companies of Australia are realizing the importance of audit and assurance service for their companies. It has been observed that many Australian organizations did not conduct any audit operations previously, but now they are planning to undertake the audit operations for their organizations. They are realizing the need for the basis management principles for the identification of problematic areas in their business operations so they can get the chance to rectify them (Louwers et al., 2015). This understanding of the Australian companies has been creating opportunities for auditing profession in Australia. This is because only the auditors play a crucial role in these organizations and they are able to conduct true and effective audit programs in order to detect major accounting and financial fraud in the companies; in addition, the auditors take part in the risk management process of the companies (Bell Griffin, 2012). For all of these reasons, the Australian companies are hiring internal audit staffs or they are outsoaring the audit services in order to meet the audit requirements of the companies. This particular aspect leads to the employment of many audit employees in Australia. Due to this factor, the audit companies of Australia get good business opportunities. In the recent years, it has been seen that the business world all over the world is changing in a fast pace. These continuous changes bring complexities for the companies of Australia while handing the fin ancial statements of the companies. This reason leads to the increased importance of audit operations for the companies. Greater amount of risks of the companies increase the role of the auditors. Out of this situation, the auditors get the opportunities to earn more and due to this fact, the companies are able to maintain sustainable growth for their companies (Houghton Campbell, 2013). Due to the increased demand of auditing profession in Australia, the fees for the auditors become reasonable and it creates opportunities for the auditors. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be said that there is a fare opportunities for the growth of the auditing profession in Australia. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the increased opportunities of auditing profession in Australia has increased the role of the auditors in the companies and this aspect creates pressure on the audit professionals to main high level of audit quality. Three major factors that the auditors need to maintain at the time of conducting the audit operations for the companies; they are Quality, Transparency and Independence (Hope, Langli Thomas, 2012). Apart from the above-discussed opportunities, some other opportunities are there for auditing profession in Australia. The process of IT Audit is creating large amount of opportunities for the auditing profession in Australia. With the help of IT audit, the auditors of the companies have become able to conduct the audit operations with the assistance of automated processes. In this context, th e example of KPMG can be considered. It has been seen that KPMG has been collaborating with IBM for the adoption of artificial intelligence in the process of auditing. In addition, the expected future growth of both internal and external audit will create major opportunities for auditing profession in Australia. Thus, from the whole discussion, on aspect is clear that the auditing profession in Australia is growing with a good pace and this process has been developing opportunities for the Australian auditing profession (Christensen, Glover Wood, 2013). Challenges for Audit Profession in Australia From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are major business opportunities for audit profession in Australia. However, it needs to be mentioned that there is not only opportunities, the audit profession has to confront with some of the major challenges in Australia. Some of these major problems are discussed below: One of the major challenges for audit profession in Australia is the failure of audit due to fraudulent financial reporting. In Australia, there are many major corporate collapses due to the effects of fraudulent financial reporting of the companies. Due to the effect of fraudulent financial reporting, the creditors and the investors of the companies had to face with significant amount of losses (Lenz Sarens, 2012). In some of the cases, the major reason contributed towards the collapse of large corporate houses was the failure of audit in those organizations. This is the major challenge for the audit profession as they are bound to produce the correct audit report. The auditors of the companies have to face with great difficulties in case they fail to produce the correct audit report for the companies. The auditors of Australia have to face with this issue on a regular basis. Another major issue for audit profession in Australia is the inclusion of new legislations, regulations and auditing standards. It can be observed in the audit industry of Australia that the Australian audit authorities often come up with different kinds of new auditing regulations, legislations and standards. As per the instructions of the Australian auditing authorities, it is the responsibility of the auditing firms to completely comply with these new auditing standards, regulations and legislations. However, at the time of complying with these new regulations and standards, the audit professionals have to face great difficulties. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that based on the auditing standards and regulations, the auditors develop the audit plans. Each time there is an inclusion of new audit regulations and standards, the auditors have to change the whole audit plan. This is very much difficult for the auditors as it affects the audit operations of the companies (Hu rtt et al., 2013). In addition, the inclusion new standards and regulations make the audit process more complex for the companies and the complex audit process requires more knowledge and skills from the auditors. Thus, it can be said that this is a major challenge for audit profession in Australia. The next major challenge for audit profession in Australia is the increased audit costs and audit fees. In the recent years in Australia, massive rise in the audit costs and audit fees can be seen. This is a major challenge for the audit profession, as they have to deal with these costs. Due to the rise of audit costs, the auditors are bound to increase the audit fees. For this reason, the auditors have to incur large costs regarding staff salaries, the use of advanced technologies, insurance and others. All these reasons make it a big challenge for audit profession in Australia (Cannon Bedard, 2016). The next challenge for audit profession in Australia is to comply with the regulations of auditors independence and the provisions of non-audit services. The provision of non-audit services is creating major pressure on the auditors. On the other hand, non-audit services lead to the development of the threat of auditors independence (Bell Griffin, 2012). It has been seen that non-audit services are strictly prohibited in the audit profession of Australia. It is the responsibility of the auditors to comply with the regulations regarding the provision of non-audit services. Thus, it can be seen that this is a major challenge for audit profession in Australia. Another major challenge for audit profession in Australia is the audit expectation gap and the litigation of the auditors. Audit expectation gap is the difference between auditors opinion and clients expectations. Earlier discussion shows that the business world has been changing in a fast pace; for this reason, the auditors of the companies have to comply with different kinds of regulations and auditing standards. Audit expectation gap contributes to the development of misunderstanding between the auditors and audit clients (Power Gendron, 2015). This misunderstanding leads to the loss of confidence of the audit clients on the audit firms. It can be seen that sometime, audit expectation gap leads to the rise of lawsuits against the audit firms. Dealing with the audit expectation gap is a challenging task for the auditors. For this reason, audit expectation gap is considered as one of the major challenges for audit profession in Australia. Regulatory Attempts to Improve Audit Quality in Australia From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are some major challenges faced by the audit profession in Australia. In order to diminish these challenges and to bring quality in audit operations, the Australia audit authority has developed some major regulatory measures. Some of them are discussed below: The Australian audit authority has introduced the mandatory publication of annual transparency reports. As per this regulation, an audit firm is bound to publish this transparency report in case the company conducts the annual audit of ten or more than ten companies (frc.gov.au, 2017). The Australian audit authority has introduced the provision of Auditors Independence Function. This particular act combines the auditors independence work done by ASIC and FRC and it helps to develop new independence regulations with the help of this rules. The new revised functions help the companies in the making of auditing strategies (Chalmers, Godfrey Lynch, 2012). Another major regulatory step of Australian audit authority to maintain audit quality is the introduction of Audit Deficiency Notification and Report. ASIC has the power to issue audit deficiency report based on certain conditions in case of specific failure of the audit firms (Arruada, 2013). The next step taken by Australian audit authority to maintain the audit quality is to bridge the audit expectation gap. It has been seen that audit expectation gap is one of the major issues in the audit profession of Australia. Australian audit authority has implemented some specific measures in order to bridge the audit expectation gap. The Australian audit authority states the fact that the bridging of audit expectation gap is the shares responsibility of the auditors. Thus, as per Australian audit authority, the auditors of the companies need to be responsible in bridging the audit expectation gap between auditors and audit clients (Kleinman, Lin Palmon, 2014). Financial Reporting Initiatives is another major regulatory step taken by Australian audit authority. As per the initiatives of APCC, the authority is holding talks with the stakeholders of the companies regarding the inclusion of more forward-looking financial statements in the annual reports. On a more precise note, it can be said that the stakeholders of the companies will be able to better understand the financial position of the companies with the help of forward-looking financial information. In addition, this particular aspect will make it easier for the auditors in the preparation of audit reports (Davies Green, 2013). Thus, it can be said that it is a major regulatory initiative to control the audit quality. Apart from the above-mentioned measures, Australian audit authorities have also taken some other regulatory steps in order to maintain the audit quality. The auditing authorizes have stated the fact that there is a need for enhancing the regulatory and self-regulatory initiatives in order to maintain the high quality of audit reports of the companies. Apart from the above, ASIC has also provided the audit firms with some major recommendations for the development of audit works in Australia. Some of them are the introduction of annual transparency report, the inclusion of auditors independence functions, the supply of audit deficiency notification and others. In addition, ASIC has suggested the audit companies to focus on the improvements of consistency in the execution of audit works. In this process, ASIC has invited the response of the companies so that these measures can be further improved (Clout, Chapple Gandhi, 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that the audit profession is one of the major professions of Australia. The above discussion shows the fact that the audit profession in Australia has to face some of the major challenges along with opportunities at the time of their audit operations. Some of the major challenges faced by the audit profession in Australia are the presence of fraudulent financial reporting and audit failures; the introduction of new legislation, regulations and standards; the continuously increasing audit cost and audit fees; the presence of audit expectation gap and issues regarding auditors independence. As per the above discussion, it can be seen that due to the effects of world financial crisis, the Australian companies have become eager to conduct audit operations. This process is helpful for the growth of audit profession in Australia as the companies are appointing more audit employees and they are outsourcing their audit operations from external audito rs. The above discussion also states that the Australian audit authorities have taken some regulatory steps to maintain the quality of audit profession; they are the introduction of annual transparency report, the inclusion of auditors independence functions, the supply of audit deficiency notification and others. References Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Mark, B. (2012).Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Boston: Prentice Hall. Arruada, B. (2013).The economics of audit quality: Private incentives and the regulation of audit and non-audit services. Springer Science Business Media. Audit Quality in Australia A Brief Overview of Recent Regulatory and Professional Developments. (2017).frc.gov.au. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.frc.gov.au/files/2014/02/APPC_Audit_Quality_in_Australia.pdf Basu, S. K. (2016).Auditing Assurance. Pearson Education India. Bell, T. B., Griffin, J. B. (2012). Commentary on auditing high-uncertainty fair value estimates.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), 147-155. Cannon, N. H., Bedard, J. C. (2016). Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field.The Accounting Review,92(4), 81-114. Chalmers, K., Godfrey, J. M., Lynch, B. (2012). Regulatory theory insights into the past, present and future of general purpose water accounting standard setting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,25(6), 1001-1024. Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., Wood, D. A. (2013). Extreme estimation uncertainty and audit assurance.Current Issues in Auditing,7(1), P36-P42. Davies, H., Green, D. (2013).Global Financial Regulation: The Essential Guide (Now with a Revised Introduction). John Wiley Sons. Dowling, C., Knechel, W. R., Moroney, R. (2015). Public oversight of audit firms: the slippery-slope of enforcing regulation. Hope, O. K., Langli, J. C., Thomas, W. B. (2012). Agency conflicts and auditing in private firms.Accounting, Organizations and Society,37(7), 500-517. Houghton, K., Campbell, T. (2013).Ethics and auditing(p. 354). ANU Press. Hurtt, R. K., Brown-Liburd, H., Earley, C. E., Krishnamoorthy, G. (2013). Research on auditor professional skepticism: Literature synthesis and opportunities for future research.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), 45-97. Clout, V., Chapple, L., Gandhi, N. (2013). The impact of auditor independence regulations on established and emerging firms.Accounting Research Journal,26(2), 88-108. Kleinman, G., Lin, B. B., Palmon, D. (2014). Audit quality: A cross-national comparison of audit regulatory regimes.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,29(1), 61-87. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016).Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Lenz, R., Sarens, G. (2012). Reflections on the internal auditing profession: what might have gone wrong?.Managerial Auditing Journal,27(6), 532-549. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2015).Auditing assurance services. McGraw-Hill Education. Power, M. K., Gendron, Y. (2015). Qualitative research in auditing: A methodological roadmap.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(2), 147-165. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016).Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

The War In Vietnam Essays - Vietnam War, , Term Papers

The War in Vietnam The Vietnam War, the nation's longest, cost fifty-eight thousand American lives. Only the Civil War and the two world wars were deadlier for Americans. During the decade of direct U.S. military participation in Vietnam beginning in 1964, the U.S Treasury spent over $140 billion on the war, enough money to fund urban renewal projects in every major American city. Despite these enormous costs and their accompanying public and private trauma for the American people, the United States failed, for the first time in its history, to achieve its stated war aims. The goal was to preserve a separate, independent, noncommunist government in South Vietnam, but after April 1975, the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) ruled the entire nation. The initial reasons for U.S. involvement in Vietnam seemed logical and compelling to American leaders. Following its success in World War II, the United States faced the future with a sense of moral rectitude and material confidence. From Washington's perspective, the principal threat to U.S. security and world peace was monolithic, dictatorial communism emanating from he Soviet Union. Any communist anywhere, at home or abroad, was, by definition, and enemy of the United States. Drawing an analogy with the unsuccessful appeasement of fascist dictators before World War II, the Truman administration believed that any sign of communist aggression must be met quickly and forcefully by the United States and its allies. This reactive policy was known as containment. In Vietnam the target of containment was Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh front he had created in 1941. Ho and his chief lieutenants were communists with long-standing connections to the Soviet Union. They were also ardent Vietnamese nationalists who fought first to rid their country of the Japanese and then, after 1945, to prevent France from reestablishing its former colonial mastery over Vietnam and the rest of Indochina. Harry S. Truman and other American leaders, having no sympathy for French colonialism, favored Vietnamese independence. But expanding communist control of Eastern Europe and the triumph of the communists in China's civil was made France's war against Ho seem an anticommunist rather than a colonialist effort. When France agreed to a quansi-independent Vietnam under Emperor Bao Dai as an alternative to Ho's DRV, the United States decided to support the French position. The American conception of Vietnam as a cold war battleground largely ignored the struggle for social justice and national sovereignty occurring within the country. American attention focused primarily on Europe and on Asia beyond Vietnam. Aid to France in Indochina was a quid pro quo for French cooperation with America's plans for the defense of Europe through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After China became a communist state in 1949, the stability of Japan became of paramount importance to Washington, and Japanese development required access to the markets and raw materials of Southeast Asia. The outbreak of war in Korea in 1950 served primarily to confirm Washington's belief that communist aggression posed a great danger to Asia . Subsequent charges that Truman had "lost" China and had settled for a stalemate in Korea caused succeeding presidents to fear the domestic political consequences if they "lost" Vietnam. This apprehension, an overestimation of American power, an d an underestimation of Vietnamese communist strength locked all administrations from 1950 through the 1960s into a firm anticommunist stand in Vietnam. Because American policy makers failed to appreciate the amount of effort that would be required to exert influence on Vietnam's political and social structure, the course of American policy led to a steady escalation of U.S. involvement. President Dwight D. Eisenhower increased the level of aide to the French but continued to avoid military intervention, even when the French experienced a devastating defeat at Dien Bien Phu in the spring of 1954. Following that battle, an international conference at Geneva, Switzerland, arranged a cease-fire and provided for a North-South partition of Vietnam until elections could be held. The United States was not a party to the Geneva Agreements and began to foster the creation of a Vietnamese regime in South Vietnam's autocratic president Ngo Dinh Diem, who deposed Bao Dai in October 1955, resisted holding an election on the reunification of Vietnam. Despite over $1 billion of U.S. aid